2016年10月20日星期四

The Limits of Freedom of Speech


First what is Freedom of Speech, Freedom of speech is the right to articulate one's opinions and ideas without fear of government retaliation or censorship, or societal sanction.The term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used.The right to freedom of expression is recognized as a human right under article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Article 19 of the ICCPR states that "everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference" and "everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice". Article 19 additionally states that the exercise of these rights carries "special duties and responsibilities" and may "therefore be subject to certain restrictions" when necessary "[f]or respect of the rights or reputation of others" or "[f]or the protection of national security or of public order (order public), or of public health or morals".

one limited by money, In the United States, the size of free speech is the same as the amount of money. The reason is very simple, meetings, speeches, must have a venue in the United States, the venue is very expensive rent, less money, can not afford to rent, the corresponding freedom of speech will "shrink." Newspapers and magazines must have the funds; set up radio and television stations, film and television programs must have a lot of money; money can not afford to do so, the corresponding freedom of speech the same "shrink." The United States has the freedom to press and publish, so the mass media are numerous. Each media has its own purpose and the choice of manuscripts of the standards and intentions, and its purpose. Standard. Intention of the manuscript is not used. If the author of a manuscript, can not find the media published, and not enough money to publish at their own expense (at their own expense to publish books or advertising fees to the newspaper published in the advertising column), freedom of speech in the media, the author of course Is equivalent to empty words.
two by the Constitution and the law,It is a normal phenomenon that the freedom of speech in any country is restricted by the constitution and laws of that country.
three subject to strong pressure from the mainstream media, For example, the New York Times is the most influential liberal newspaper, the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post are the most well-known conservative newspapers; but in most cases, The consensus of these most influential newspapers is the same. The most influential television stations in the United States, NBC, ABC, CNN, in most cases, and the newspaper is to maintain "public opinion." In this way, the United States to form a "consensus" of the "fixed" and "invisible pressure." In this pressure of public opinion, it is quite difficult to express dissent. Even if in the individual or a small number of non-mainstream media published, but the "voice" is very small, to hear the limited number of influential, unable to fight with the mainstream media.


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